Define inductive reasoning.

• A. Drawing a specific conclusion from general premises.
• B. Drawing general conclusions from specific observations or examples.
• C. Memorizing facts.
• D. Inferring conclusions from unrelated data.

Answer: (B)

Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations or examples and builds toward a general conclusion. It looks for patterns across multiple cases and proposes a rule that seems to hold in general based on what’s been seen. The statement that describes drawing general conclusions from specific observations best captures this idea. For example, noting that several observed swans are white leads you to generalize that all swans are white. The other options describe different processes: drawing a specific conclusion from general premises is deductive reasoning, memorizing facts is not reasoning, and inferring from unrelated data doesn’t connect observations to a valid conclusion.